How to Troubleshoot High Disk I/O Problems

diskusage server

Last modified: September 21, 2022

Overview

Disk I/O describes how long the read and write operations require on a hard disk. The speed at which your server can read and write information to disk directly affects your server’s performance and the performance of cPanel & WHM. Your server’s load will increase if the system experiences high disk I/O wait time.

Symptoms of high disk IO

High server load — The average system load exceeds 1.
chkservd notifications — You receive notifications about an offline service or that the system cannot restart a service.
Slow hosted websites — Hosted websites may require more than a minute to load.
Slow delivery of email — The Exim service performs slowly or does not respond. Exim contains a large outbound mail queue.
Slow connection for email — The POP or IMAP services perform slowly or do not respond.
Slow Webmail interfaces — The Webmail interfaces perform slowly or do not respond.
Slow WHM or cPanel interfaces — The WHM or cPanel interfaces perform slowly when you add email accounts, databases, or other items.

How to determine the disk IO wait on your server

Use the top command to find the average wait time on your server

The %wa statistic at the top of the output indicates your server’s average disk wait.

If the I/O wait percentage is greater than one divided by the number of your CPU cores, the CPU cores must wait to process data on hard disk. For example, if the system possesses four CPU cores and the server %wa statistic is 8.0, then the actual %wa is 2.0. Because the actual %wa is larger than 1.0, the CPU cores must wait before they can process data on hard disk.

Use the sar command to determine the history of your disk IO wait

The sar command provides you with the history of the server’s load averages. Use this command to determine the times when your server experiences high disk I/O.

Click to view...

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root@server [~]# sar
Linux 2.6.32-431.29.2.el6.i686 (server.example.com)     10/17/2014  _i686_  (2 CPU)

12:00:01 AM     CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle
12:10:01 AM     all      0.84      1.19      0.45      0.30      0.00     97.22
12:20:01 AM     all      0.65      1.06      0.41      0.31      0.00     97.58
12:30:01 AM     all      6.67      1.47      1.60      6.25      0.00     84.02
12:40:01 AM     all      0.63      1.08      0.40      0.33      0.00     97.56
12:50:01 AM     all      0.74      1.94      0.72      1.50      0.00     95.11
01:00:01 AM     all      0.58      1.51      0.41      0.24      0.00     97.25
01:10:01 AM     all      0.71      1.06      0.48      0.58      0.00     97.17
01:20:01 AM     all      0.54      1.06      0.37      0.22      0.00     97.81
01:30:01 AM     all      0.63      1.30      0.41      0.28      0.00     97.37
01:40:01 AM     all      0.58      1.06      0.39      0.21      0.00     97.76
01:50:01 AM     all      0.60      1.06      0.40      0.23      0.00     97.70
02:00:01 AM     all      0.54      1.28      0.39      0.23      0.00     97.55
02:10:01 AM     all      0.71      1.18      0.43      0.40      0.00     97.27
02:20:01 AM     all      0.78      1.08      0.49      0.46      0.00     97.19
02:30:01 AM     all      0.58      1.28      0.49      0.23      0.00     97.43
02:40:01 AM     all      0.64      1.06      0.54      0.31      0.00     97.45
02:50:02 AM     all      0.68      1.07      0.57      0.27      0.00     97.42
03:00:01 AM     all      0.66      1.52      0.55      0.26      0.00     97.00
03:10:01 AM     all      0.74      1.08      0.60      0.28      0.00     97.30
03:20:01 AM     all      0.67      1.06      0.53      0.31      0.00     97.43
03:30:01 AM     all      0.65      1.28      0.57      0.36      0.00     97.14
03:40:01 AM     all      0.61      1.12      0.64      0.70      0.00     96.93
03:50:01 AM     all      0.67      1.06      0.52      0.30      0.00     97.45
04:00:01 AM     all      0.63      1.31      0.51      0.29      0.00     97.26
04:10:01 AM     all      0.68      1.06      0.52      0.23      0.00     97.51
04:20:01 AM     all      0.70      1.20      0.58      0.28      0.00     97.25
04:30:01 AM     all      0.65      1.30      0.52      0.30      0.00     97.23
04:40:01 AM     all      0.74      1.06      0.54      0.33      0.00     97.32
04:50:01 AM     all      0.56      1.08      0.43      0.28      0.00     97.64
05:00:01 AM     all      0.59      1.52      0.47      0.29      0.00     97.13
05:10:01 AM     all      0.70      1.06      0.47      0.30      0.00     97.46
05:20:01 AM     all      0.62      1.07      0.44      0.30      0.00     97.57
05:30:01 AM     all      0.55      1.29      0.40      0.20      0.00     97.57
05:40:01 AM     all      0.56      1.09      0.39      0.25      0.00     97.71
05:50:01 AM     all      0.65      1.07      0.41      0.32      0.00     97.55
06:00:01 AM     all      0.74      1.29      0.43      0.33      0.00     97.21
06:10:01 AM     all      0.65      1.06      0.41      0.31      0.00     97.56
06:20:01 AM     all      0.72      1.19      0.43      0.28      0.00     97.38
06:30:01 AM     all      0.56      1.31      0.40      0.26      0.00     97.47
06:40:01 AM     all      0.61      1.06      0.40      0.29      0.00     97.63
06:50:01 AM     all      0.71      1.06      0.42      0.30      0.00     97.51
07:00:01 AM     all      0.52      1.51      0.39      0.22      0.00     97.35
07:10:01 AM     all      0.74      1.06      0.46      0.30      0.00     97.44
07:20:01 AM     all      0.63      1.23      0.52      0.49      0.00     97.12
07:30:01 AM     all      0.58      1.30      0.40      0.27      0.00     97.45
07:40:01 AM     all      0.56      1.06      0.39      0.19      0.00     97.80
07:50:01 AM     all      0.62      1.06      0.42      0.30      0.00     97.61
08:00:01 AM     all      0.67      1.28      0.41      0.30      0.00     97.33
08:10:01 AM     all      0.63      1.06      0.42      0.23      0.00     97.66
08:20:01 AM     all      0.56      1.20      0.39      0.26      0.00     97.58
08:30:01 AM     all      0.59      1.29      0.40      0.27      0.00     97.45
08:40:01 AM     all      0.59      1.06      0.38      0.26      0.00     97.71
08:50:01 AM     all      0.54      1.06      0.37      0.28      0.00     97.74
09:00:01 AM     all      0.60      1.52      0.41      0.23      0.00     97.25
09:10:01 AM     all      0.68      1.08      0.42      0.22      0.00     97.61
09:20:01 AM     all      0.51      1.06      0.37      0.23      0.00     97.83
09:30:01 AM     all      0.65      1.28      0.53      0.51      0.00     97.02
09:40:01 AM     all      0.61      1.06      0.39      0.37      0.00     97.56
09:50:01 AM     all      0.69      1.05      0.41      0.29      0.00     97.56
10:00:01 AM     all      0.61      1.31      0.40      0.27      0.00     97.41
10:10:01 AM     all      0.65      1.18      0.42      0.27      0.00     97.47
10:20:01 AM     all      0.60      1.06      0.40      0.25      0.00     97.69
10:30:01 AM     all      0.52      1.29      0.38      0.20      0.00     97.61
10:40:01 AM     all      0.62      1.06      0.40      0.27      0.00     97.65
10:50:01 AM     all      0.56      1.08      0.38      0.26      0.00     97.72
11:00:01 AM     all      0.61      1.50      0.41      0.28      0.00     97.20
11:10:01 AM     all      0.63      1.06      0.39      0.29      0.00     97.62
11:20:01 AM     all      0.61      1.06      0.39      0.29      0.00     97.64
11:30:01 AM     all      0.55      1.28      0.37      0.29      0.00     97.51
11:40:01 AM     all      0.60      1.08      0.40      0.29      0.00     97.64
11:50:01 AM     all      0.58      1.06      0.37      0.25      0.00     97.74
12:00:01 PM     all      0.55      1.28      0.38      0.22      0.00     97.57
12:10:01 PM     all      0.80      1.19      0.45      0.33      0.00     97.24
12:20:01 PM     all      0.68      1.06      0.40      0.29      0.00     97.56
12:30:01 PM     all      0.52      1.30      0.38      0.29      0.00     97.51
12:40:01 PM     all      0.65      1.06      0.39      0.33      0.00     97.57
12:50:01 PM     all      0.62      1.06      0.41      0.32      0.00     97.59
01:00:01 PM     all      0.55      1.51      0.40      0.26      0.00     97.28
01:10:01 PM     all      0.75      1.06      0.45      0.33      0.00     97.42
01:20:01 PM     all      0.52      1.08      0.39      0.25      0.00     97.77
01:30:01 PM     all      0.60      1.28      0.40      0.26      0.00     97.46
Average:        all      0.71      1.19      0.45      0.38      0.00     97.27

How to resolve a problem with high disk IO

Hard disk specifications with low RPM speed or slow interface technology — Upgrade the hard disk on your server or split the application load between separate hard disks.
No bandwidth available on the hard disk — Upgrade the hard disk on your server or split the application load between separate hard disks.
Write caching is disabled — Enable write caching on the disk.
Degraded RAID array — Check the Raid array for a hardware malfunction. You should test and verify the hardware.
Software RAID array on the server reports busy; CPU uses slow parity calculation — Check the Raid array for a hardware malfunction. You should test and verify the hardware.
Software processes slowly — Upgrade the hard disk on your server or split the application load between separate hard disks.

Direct Memory Access

Direct Memory Access (DMA) improves hard drive and backup speeds. We strongly recommend that you enable DMA.

To enable DMA for a hard drive, run the hdparm -d1 /dev/hda command.
To disable DMA for a hard drive, run the hdparm -d0 /dev/hda command.
To measure a hard drive’s transfer rate, run the hdparm -Tt /dev/hda command.
To view a hard drive’s enabled options, run the hdparm /dev/hda command.
To view more information about a hard drive, run the hdparm -i /dev/hda command.

Note:

Some older drives and motherboards have compatibility issues with DMA. Ask your data center, hard drive manufacturer, or motherboard manufacturer whether you can enable DMA on your drives.